Liberty in Education Historical Analysis

Liberty in Education Historical Analysis Sepideh Pourmanzourinejad Introduction The curriculum in American higher education has always been under debate and reform since the beginning. Prescribed curriculum in which the students had to study certain pre-defined courses was the basis of colonial colleges for many years. Later, the emergence of elective system proposed by Charles Eliot became a creative educational development in higher education in the U.S, and broadly substituted the old prescribed curriculum. Liberty in Education written by Eliot, in defense of elective system, is one of the most important historical documents in the history of American higher education. This report provides a brief analysis of the document by focusing on different aspects and putting it in its historical context to get to a better understanding of its significance. Date, origin and the author of the document Liberty in Education is a historical document originally written by Charles William Eliot in 1885. Eliot was a highly successful leader in the field of higher education. He was the president of Harvard University for forty years (1869-1909). His significant talents and experience both as a teacher and administrator as well as his observations of European universities provided him with insights toward proposing an effective elective system instead of a classical curriculum. He originally outlined the idea of elective system in an 1885 speech. In fact, it was a debate with McCosh, president of Princeton, on the topic of curriculum. Later, he published it in a book named Educational reform: Essays and addresses (Eliot ,1898). However, the copy that we have at hand is a reprint of the primary source in a book which collected a series of primaries; The History of Higher Education: second edition, edited by Lester Goodchild and Harold Wechsler (1997). Summary of the document Charles Eliot proposed the concept of elective system and found it an inevitable step in transforming a college into a university. In colonial colleges, a uniform prescribed curriculum was offered which finally gave the same degree to all of the students. Eliot argued against this classical curriculum as providing superficial and elementary knowledge and maintained that three things should be added to a college to make it a successful university in which the students can flourish the most: Election of studies: Due to the natural differences in human minds and bodies, each student should have the freedom to choose his own courses of studies based on his individual interests, natural inclinations and intellectual capacities. According to Eliots observations and experience, the best age to start giving the students liberty in education is eighteen. Academic distinction in special lines of studies: The university must provide the students with opportunities to win distinction in special subjects and also offer honors through an effective elective system. This can lead to advanced instruction and creates enthusiasm both in instructors and students. Promote a sense of self-governing instead of imposing strict prohibitive disciplines on the students: A universitys moral purpose should be to teach students to self-control through a sense of personal freedom. Context Eliot took office at Harvard University in 1869, which was a favorable time to transformation and reform as the Civil War was a real catastrophe in American life. On the other hand, the cumulative industrialization in the United States after the Civil War required the American college to solve the problem of preparing students to become engineers, physicians, businessmen, chemists, and administrators. Many insightful Americans realized that the old-style American college required basic modernization with a quite different curriculum. Consequently, Eliot responded to the needs of the people and the demands of the society and introduced elective system to the higher education. The immediate and the historical significance During the time of Eliots presidency, Harvard became one of the greatest universities of the world under the elective system and it finally surpassed well-known universities such as Johns Hopkins in the field of graduate work. The elective principle helped transform the American college into university and moved the student-professor relationship from an adversarial to a collaborative learning one (Rudolph, 1962). A major historical impact of the elective system was the formation of new curricular expansions in the twentieth century. It inspired the innovation of majors, tutorials, honors, independent study, general education, field studies and comprehensive exams. Furthermore, it resulted in a considerable amount of knowledge advancement as it established opportunities for both students and professors to delve in their interests in greater depth. Language and tone The document is a kind of argumentative writing and the author has a defensive and persuasive attitude toward the work as he tries to defend the advantages of the elective system over a classical curriculum and aims to convince the audience to believe in that. It is written in a language that is clear enough to comprehend. Eliot avoided using complicated specialized words which need to be defined. He proposed the principle in a totally confident and purposeful tone by providing reasons for his claims. Publisher or sponsor and alterations The document does not seem to reflect any publisher or sponsors point of view as it only reflects Eliots point of view regarding the necessity to shift toward an elective system. The current document does not contain any alterations or editions since it is a reprint of the original source. Missing information and triangulation The document does not include any information regarding regulations for the freedom in choices of studies. Here is a list of some other resources which can help the reader make a more comprehensive sense of the existing document: Carpenter, H. C. (1951). Emerson, Eliot, and the elective system. New England Quarterly, 13-34. Denham, T. J. (2002). A Historical Review of Curriculum in American Higher Education: 1636-1900. Denham, T. J. (2002). The Elective System or Prescribed Curriculum: The Controversy in American Higher Education. Eliot, C. W. (1898). Liberty in education. Educational reform: Essays and addresses, 125-48. Eliot, C. W. (1907). Academic freedom. Science, 1-12. Phillips, D. E. (1901). The elective system in American education. The Pedagogical Seminary, 8(2), 206-230. Conclusion The development of elective system has been such an important event in the history of American higher education that facilitated the transformation of the college into university. It shaped a new form of studies to the students and attracted a lot of attention in the past and even in todays educational world. The analysis of the document and the historical research about that reveal a true significance made by Eliots elective system. However, there still exist debates and discussions over the supremacy of prescribed curriculum or elective system which continue to create new horizons. References Eliot, C. W. (1898). Liberty in education. Educational reform: Essays and addresses, 125-48. Goodchild, L. F., Wechsler, H. S. (1997). The History of Higher Education. ASHE Reader Series. Pearson Custom Publishing, 200 Old Tappan Rd., Old Tappan, NJ 07675. Rudolph, F. (1962). The American college and university: A history. University of Georgia Press.

Racism in Cry, the Beloved Country by Alan Paton :: Cry, The Beloved Country Essays

Is Alan Paton racist in his portrayal of the natives? Yes, Alan Paton is racist in his portrayal of the natives as evidenced by the text below: Part I Page 10 Then she and put her head on it, with the patient suffering of black women, with suffering of oxen, with suffering of any that are mute. Pg 13, already full of the humbler people of his race., some with strange assortments of european garments. Pg 22 White Johannesburg was afraid of black crime. OLD COUPLE ROBBED AND BEATEWN IN LONELY HOUSE - FOUR NATIVES ARRESTED. Pg. 35 Who is nothing but a white man's dog. Pg. 44-45 These things are so bad, said Msimangu... it is true that they are often bad women, but hta is theone crime we dare not speak of. Pg. 58 God have mercy upon us, Christ have mercy upon us. White man have mercy upon us. Pg. 59 The white men come to Shanty town. They come and wonder what they can do, there are so many of us. What will the poor devils do in the rain? Pg. 72 Murder in ParkwoldASSAILENT THOUGHT TO BE NATIVES. Pg. 75 I say we shall always have native crime **** until the native people of this counrty have worthy purposes to inspire and worthy goals to work for. Pg. 77 We went to Zoo lake dear. But its quite impossible. I really don't see why they can't have separate days for natives. Where can these poor creatues go? Pg. 78-79 and others say there is a danger for better paid laor will not , but will also read more, think more, ask more, and will not be content to be forever voiceless and inferior. Pg. 79 Who knows how we shall fashion such a land? We fear not only the loss of our possessions , but the loss of our whiteness. Pg. 86 Soe he introduced Kumalo to the European Superintendent, who called him Mr. Kumalo Pg. 123 He loooked l ike a man used to great matters, much greater htan the case of a black boy Part II Pg. 150 God knows what's comign to the country, I don't. I'm not a nigger hater...Pg. 154 The truth is that our christian ...he created white and black, and gives divine approval to any human that is deisnged to keep black men from advancement. Pg. 158 but at the door of the People, which means at the door of the white people. Pg.

Critical Essay on “Annals of Labor Nobodies”

John Bowe’s â€Å"Annals of Labor Nobodies† is a very ugly article describing the virtual slavery of agricultural workers. Reminiscent of public attitude toward and awareness of domestic abuse and pedophilia in most of the Twentieth Century, modern slavery is buried deep in a cesspool of ignorance, apathy and denial. Those at the â€Å"top of the heap† are protected by â€Å"buffer layers† and deniability. Fear and brutality are tools employed to maintain the silence. Resources and alternatives for victims are scarce or nonexistent. These are among the themes presented by Boles in his review of dirty secret of one of America’s largest industries, fresh produce production; while he presents a little hope, the situation will continue to exist. South Florida is one of the nation’s greatest citrus and tomato production areas and â€Å"ground zero for modern slavery† (Bowe, 3). Bowe describes the plight of the undocumented Mexican and Central American workers from the time of departure from their homes to their arrival in South Florida. It is a story of an â€Å"opportunity† to terrific homeland poverty which can be worse than what they left. Workers are conned and exploited throughout their journey, paying exorbitant sums to every one in the vicious chain. They are so impoverished and terrified that slave labor is their only option. As a Border Patrol agent remarked â€Å"They’re controllable. There’s no escape† (s). There has been a great deal of consolidation of the produce farms as well as their huge customers. There are many familiar names in the food chain: ConAgra, Cargill, Tropicana, Minute Maid, Coke, Pepsi and Taco Bell. All claim a â€Å"hands off† to the issue of slave labor picking their tomatoes and oranges. The industry has long enjoyed special status exempting it from many labor laws, including overtime pay, workers’ compensation and the right to organize. Unfortunately although the price of the produce may increase, the price of labor decreases due to the large pool of workers coming from Mexico and Central America. In 2000 the Trafficking Victims Act was made into law; unfortunately the usual congressional deal-making resulted in exempting everyone except the labor contractors from fines and imprisonment. The cases are difficult to make. Victims and witnesses are too terrified to testify. Even if they were willing and able to testify their migratory work patterns make them difficult to find. As usual the blanket of â€Å"limited resources† in law enforcement as well as state and federal prosecution offices is used but not believed. Paraphrasing one anonymous laborer, they and their plight is virtually invisible to the outside world. Slow change is coming about and with it a shred of hope for those enslaved. Legal and social service agencies are starting to reach this dark world, and loose coalitions of workers are growing. According to one former tomato picker â€Å"change won’t come from Washington or from the lawyers. It will come from people in the field. If you change people’s consciousness, the people themselves will take care of it† (6).   He is right, of course, and the hope is if change won’t come from Washington and the lawyers, at least they will be an ally and not an impediment. After the sentencing of convicted human traffickers the federal trial judge mentioned to the U.S. Attorneys prosecuting the case that they should not exhaust the â€Å"limited resources† prosecuting low-level thugs and enforcers. The judge, likely mindful of the powerful federal conspiracy laws, stated â€Å"others at a higher level of the fruit picking industry seem complicit in one way or another with how these activities occur† (11). References Bowe, John. â€Å"Annals of Labor Nobodies†. April 21, 2003.      

Movie The Graduate

Movie The Graduate Introduction It is necessary for filmmakers to use the best tools and ideas in order to make their works spectacular. A good work of art such as a film should have a proper theme, clear message, and at the same time entertain the audience. The film â€Å"The Graduate† by Mike Nichols narrates the story of a young man who has just completed college.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Movie The Graduate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the age of 20, the protagonist realizes that everything is complex and hard than he had thought earlier. This essay therefore explains how the film â€Å"The Graduate† utilizes the best aspects of art and design to present useful insights that can help young individuals have a better life. The film achieves this using the best editing, â€Å"mise-en-scene†, photography, shots, and storyline. Analysis of the Film â€Å"The Graduate† Summary of the Movie Mike Ni chols is the director of the film â€Å"The Graduate†. The 1967 film is based on a novel written by Charles Webb in 1963. The name of the novel is also â€Å"The Graduate†. The actor in the film is Benjamin Braddock, a recent graduate who lacks a clear understanding of life. As a graduate without any aim in life, Braddock decides to befriend an older woman by the name Mrs. Robinson. It is also notable from the film that Mrs. Robinson is married and has a daughter be the name Elaine. Benjamin Braddock eventually falls in love with Elaine, Robinson’s daughter. From an historical perspective, it is agreeable that the film plays a significant role towards boosting the position of folk-rock in the American society. Produced in the 1960s, the film explores most of the issues that affected the society during the time. Historians and researchers have argued that the film presents a major cultural and historical value to the American people. It adds a sense of beauty to American art and film culture. The use of various technical aspects of film production has made it a spectacular piece of art. For instance, the producers used the best mise-en-scene, close-shots, long shots, sound track, and editing to present quality scenes to the audience. This has made it easier to deliver the targeted message to the audience. Lawrence Turman and Joseph Levine produced the film in 1967. The producers managed to present various themes that can educate different members in the society. The first theme in the film is the idea of â€Å"coming of age†. In the film, Benjamin and Elaine are two youngsters who are unable to make the best decisions in order to address the issues affecting them. This explains why Benjamin encounters various challenges and obstacles because he is â€Å"indecisive† and incapable of coming up with the best solutions.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The theme of â€Å"rebellion† is also evident in this film by Mike Nichols. The film presents a â€Å"radical mood† whereby Benjamin rebels against many things and ideas in the society. For instance, he appears to ridicule the existing social norms. This occurs when he befriends Mrs. Robinson after finishing school. He also rebels against the social ideas in the society. As well, the movie demonstrates a strong sense of opposition. This is the case because Benjamin rebels against the ideas of the older generation, social conventions, and the upper class in the society. The theme of â€Å"infidelity† is also evident in the film. This occurs when Mrs. Robinson decides to befriend Benjamin while knowing she was already married to Mr. Robinson. Benjamin goes further to date Elaine without considering the issues and consequences that might arise from the decision. Although the audience is aware of Benjamin’s thoughts and idea s, it becomes evident that he continues to befriend Elaine in an attempt to achieve his dreams. Benjamin also realizes how the relationship might be horrible. This explains why such kind of indulgence by Benjamin is the most scandalous event in ‘The Graduate†. Personal Views The film by Mike Nichols is definitely one of the best works of art ever produced. The film presents a wide range of ideas and concepts that can help individuals live a better life. There are certain factors that make the movie admirable. To begin with, the producers have used the best strategies in order to make the film appealing to the audience. The film embraces the idea of cast combination in order to make it entertaining. The timing of the film is â€Å"perfect† because it explores the issues that affected the American society in the 1960s. This explains why the film captures the â€Å"true spirit† of its era. The other reason why this film is admirable is that it relates closely with its time of production. This explains why many people would consider the film as culturally and aesthetically momentous. As well, the film goes further to present some critical themes and lessons that can help the viewers address most of their problems.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Movie The Graduate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The film explains how young individuals can address most of their issues arising from indecisiveness. The film is also a classical work of art. It is admirable because it employs all aspects of film production such as â€Å"editing, mise-en-scene, and close-shots†. I would also say that most of the parts in the film are attractive. For example, the film begins with Benjamin who has graduated from college. His parents and friends are interested in Benjamin’s plans for either a career or joining school for further studies. The unfolding story reveals most of the chall enges facing many people at this age. The director has made the best decisions to make the film successful and entertaining to the targeted audience. The film conforms to the â€Å"Classical Hollywood Narrative† style for film production. Movies that use the style tell a story in a â€Å"chronological order†. The style follows a â€Å"cause-and-effect† approach. By so doing, the producers have used a principle known as â€Å"continuity editing†. The approach requires that the editing and sounds are â€Å"invisible† to the audience. That being the case, the producers gave the â€Å"desired attention† to the storyline and not to specific elements such as photography, editing, and sounds. The approach helps the producers and the editor present the best film to the targeted viewers. Conclusion The movie â€Å"The Graduate† is definitely one of the best works of art produced in the 20th century. The film narrates a story that is culturally and historically significance. The producers have used the best tools and approaches in order to come up with a classic piece of art. The film educates people to make appropriate choices in life as they work hard to pursue their dreams. It is agreeable that the film by Mike Nichols presents new ideas, themes, and lessons that can be applied in our lives. Personally, I have found the film meaningful because it combines different aspects of design and production. It also encourages people to make the best decisions and eventually overcome the challenges affecting them.

Discuss the Importance of Visual Perception Essays

Discuss the Importance of Visual Perception Essays Discuss the Importance of Visual Perception Essay Discuss the Importance of Visual Perception Essay Simply because something seems or is supposed to be a certain way due to ones societal expectations, does not mean that it always will be. Things are not always the way they appear and it takes much greater knowledge and understanding to accept people for what they are, even if it does not go along with what one learned. Keywords: Gender, male and female, hormones, environment Sexual Development Everyone possesses a gender identity, which most often matches ones anatomic appearance. Ones sexual development can be either male or female or even something In between. Is sexual development truly so Important or does It not play that significant of a role? Maybe this example will help everyone come too better conclusion about this subject. A healthy baby boy was born to very happy parents. However, about eight months into his life, something happened and his genitals were horrifically destroyed. His biggest male appearance at that age, his penis, did not exist anymore. His parents, completely disturbed by the accident, heard about a psychologist who was able to assign sex to children whose genitals were destroyed or not there for another reason. According to Culbertson (2009), If it is not created, then the child will be assigned a grammatical gender (in the Western world, all hillier must be either a boy or a girl), which may or may not match that childs social gender as It evolves over the course of childhood (Para. 14). Very often, when a parent chooses the sex for his or her own child due to the circumstances, It seems to work very well. However, prenatal hormones also Influence these factors In either working or not. Nevertheless, it did not work in this case and this boy began to live an unhappy life as a girl. Time went by and many problems occurred until she saw another psychologist. Her parents finally told her what happened and she began the transformation into a male. It seems like being a male made him happier once again and he even married and became a stepfather. However, this story does not have a successful conclusion, as David Reamer committed suicide at the age of 38 (New York Times, 2004). This tragic story shows that ones sexual development matters. It also explains that there is more than one factor that contributes to ones sexual development. Therefore, the author of this paper will try to provide a better understanding Into how gender identity and sexual development happens. The interaction between hormones and behavior will be explained and what role It plays In finding his or her own gender Intently In sexual development. As usual, It will also use the help of physiology and the environment to provide a better answer Tort ten reader. I nee autumn nope Tanat ten reader wall not only straddles a deeper knowledge about this subject but mostly that he or she will walk away with more understanding for individualism. Determination of Sexual Development Many different factors come into play determining ones final sexual development. It is very important to acknowledge that not everything that appears a certain way also will perform as such. Ones anatomy might indicate being a male or female; however, this does not mean that this is actually how a person views him or herself. Chromosomes play a very important role in developing sexual organs. Sexual chromosomes, such as XX and XX, help determine sexual differentiation. For instance, XX chromosomes will lead to the development of a female while XX chromosomes develop a male. In addition, the sexual X chromosome and non-sexual chromosomes can do more and possess the ability of developing either sexual genitals. This is why the exposure to hormones before and after one is born is so significant. Hormones are responsible for ones biological development. Therefore, it is very interesting to find out that the Y chromosome directs the glands to releases male sex hormones. Furthermore, hormones present during pregnancy will most likely affect the nervous system. It is important to acknowledge that every embryo is bisexual and has the ability to develop into a male or female until the end of the first trimester and the ability of hormones, which will the determine the kind of system, the Mlearn system or Wolfram system, one develops (Carlson, 2007). It is clear that hormones influence sexual development and help one to not only view him or her as male or female but also feel as such. For instance, hormones also influence feminine and masculine characteristics. As stated by Beer (2004), Masculine and androgynous children and adults have higher self-esteem, whereas feminine individuals often think poorly of themselves, perhaps because many of their traits are not highly valued by society'(p. 263). Children and Sexual Development One is not born knowing everything about him or herself. The way one is brought p, the environment, and different beliefs, Just to mention few, all help one come to that conclusion. Children are not born with the knowledge of what his or her anatomy and gender identity is; they learn it at a certain age. To be even more exact and according to Rather, Envied, Fischer-Rather (2008) Most children first become aware of their anatomic sex by about the age of 18 months. By 36 months, most children have acquired a firm sense of gender identity (p. 167). Therefore, ones social learning and cognitive development also affect gender identity and sexual development. Children are influenced first by their parents and then by other authorities, peers and even the media. Another very important theory that should be considered in how one comes to their gender identity is the gender schema theory. This theory knows the strong influence ones cognitive development and the environment play together. This happens by setting either masculine or feminine categories with which one can identify more. So for instance, boys play only with specific toys and girls do the same. Either gender is criticized by not following these rules or these rules are even pre-set by others. Parents buy gender specific toys and stores even categorize their sections by age and gender. These examples show how much other factors help one choose his and her gender identity and therefore influence ones sexual development (Beer, 2004, p. 63). Still, even though ones appearance normally goes along Walt ones preference, tenure are times when tins does not happen. Maybe this is one of the reasons why it takes so many to open up and let everyone know how he or she truly feels. This may also be one of the reasons why so many never say anything and hurt themselves or even end their lives. This is why it is especially important for parents and other authorities roles to avoid stereotyping and allow the possibility of acceptance even if it does not go alone with ones thinking and the social agreement. Furthermore, this can be explained by examining the behavior of intellectuals. Intellectuals gonads differ from their sexual appearance yet they are brought up by how they look. However, many express difficulty indemnifying with being either male or female. This provides the clear evidence of the interplay of biological factors and the environment contributing to ones sexual development (Rather, Envied, Fischer-Rather, 2008). However, indemnifying with either one seems to be important. Quoted by Gross: Both males and females reported that gendered expectations at home involved educational success. For females, gendered expectations at school involved being interested in fashion and boys. For males, gendered expectations at school involved being interested in girls and participating in non-academic activities like sport (Gross, 2009). Biological Psychology Biological psychology plays an important role and considers different factors when explaining what and how sexual differentiation and sexual development is determine. It acknowledges that a persons brain influences ones behavior; this behavior resembles male or female characteristics and will be categorized as such. However, biological psychology also knows that it is not so simple explaining a human and there are many other important aspects in ones life, which cause certain things to occur. Therefore, not only the brain but also, hormones, heredity, the environment, cultural upbringing, and ones choices will determine either a rotational or a non-traditional role with which one can better identify. Determination of Greater Influence As everyone differs from each other, so too differ each individuals influence. For instance, someone could have been exposed to prenatal hormones that normally would determine how one turns out to be, but then they were prone to the influences of his or her environment and turned out completely opposite. Therefore, saying which has the greater contribution is a difficult decision to make. There is evidence for both such as, being raised as a male and resembling one should surely let one now that is how they should feel. That does not happen all the time. If the answer would be so clear, then one should be able to know what causes female homosexuals to have higher levels of testosterone, as human biology or a certain lifestyle can increase the level. This is why it is, most likely, the interplay of both that contribute to this occurrence, leading to uncertainty of the main cause. Conclusion Ones looks do not indicate how one feels and certain important factors contribute to ones sexual differentiation, gender identity, and sexual development. Surely, it taters to try to find the correct answers because they may provide more understanding to human nature. So maybe one day, much clearer resolutions can be provided. However, in the mean time, one should always keep in mind that every Uninominal trees to De Nils or near Test Ana to De acknowledge Is want, In ten end, counts and makes a truly good person. One way of doing so is by making it illegal to discriminate in employment, public accommodation, credit, housing and education based on a persons sexual orientation or gender identity'( Journal of Property Management, 2007).

Analyze ethical aspects of organizational decision-making at WalMart Term Paper

Analyze ethical aspects of organizational decision-making at WalMart - Term Paper Example It is running successful business almost in all major countries across the globe and perhaps that is the reason why it is known as the largest retailer in the world. This paper tries to through a light on the ethical activities carried by Wal-Mart. The essay also takes into account the case of bribery the firm faced in Mexico and how it curves its way out from the problem. Wal-Mart is often termed as a hypermarket, it operates to sale varied range of goods and services to the consumers; like from dairy products to meat, cellular phone stores to pet shops. ‘Low price always’ is the jingle used by the company commonly, it provides goods at the most competitive and resalable prices (Stone, 1997). It is estimated that most of the consumers of Wal-Mart has no bank accounts and their income is almost less than that of the national average. Founded in 1962 the company was supposed to serve a healthy competition for all the other small retailers in the market. Bribery in Mexico Like all that glitters might not be gold, these are various complains against the giant organization of Wal-Mart. It is believed by many economists that the poor communities in U.S. are unfavorably affected by the special discounts given by throng merchandisers like Wal-Mart. It was analyzed that the company will made small retailers in U.S. ... The company found it to be beneficial to open a business wing in this zone as it is situated in a crowded location of the main entrance of the city and it is only a mile away from the prehistoric pyramids that sketch large strength of people as tourists. It was estimated by the analysts of the company that almost 250 customers would come each hour provided the store of the company was established in the chosen location. There was one big hindrance that came up to the business plans of the company, the elected leaders of the town decided to settle up a new zoning map. The leaders wanted to frontier the growth near the pyramids. It was also estimated that the way in of the city was already very crammed thus it would not be an efficient decision to allow Wal-Mart establish there new store in that location. This annoyed the officials of the headquarters of the company in Mexico. It was in records and interviews that the company responded to the unfavorable zoning conditions by offering a bribe of about $52000. The zoning map would not become an edict until it would come in print in the newspapers. The bribing offices of Wal-Mart bribed an executive before the new zoning map was sent in the media. Thus when the modified new zonal map was issued it gave the legal allowance to Wal-Mart to open its new store in the entrance of Mrs. Pineda's field. The protesters oppose the very entry of Wal-Mart in a location that was very near to the cultural heritage but amidst all the difficulties Wal-Mart de Mexico established their business in the grounds of the city. The business running in the entrance of the city made its crowded traffic worse off, the company almost contended the long-established community markets and ruined them. The news of Mexico was mostly covered with grumble of

Compare Aristotle justice theory to Machiavelli's justice theory Research Paper

Compare Aristotle justice theory to Machiavelli's justice theory - Research Paper Example Therefore, this is never something of ruthless power grab, but focuses on the well-being of everyone. This expression of justice is extremely different from Aristotle’s point of view, who insists that justice is based on proportions, and anything less does not qualify to be just. Therefore, this paper supports that Aristotle’s definition of justice is more definite than Machiavelli’s definition of justice because it proves some fairness in its application and is easy to understand. According to Machiavelli, injustice is a stronger, at liberty, and more masterful than justice2. He also implies justice as a significant aspect of liberty. This perception also proves that those in positions of political power dictate justice more than the peace loving and righteous citizens do. Aristotle, on the other hand, did not only describe justice on proportions, but specified that for it to prevail, equal cases should be treated alike, and unequal cases be treated differently. Therefore, being treated differently should be in direct proportions to the inequalities between the cases. This, in other terms, is principally treating similar and t dissimilar dissimilarly3. Machiavelli, as an avid reader and follower of works of other prominent philosophers like Cicero, based his definition of justice from the early works of Cicero. He developed the definition of justice, based on Cicero’s ideas, as giving each person his or her dues4. However, ensuring everyone receives fair dues is extremely significant, and no one’s interests should ever be excluded unfairly or subjected to the self-interests of other people. According to Machiavelli, justice is based on fairness, and everyone should have equal opportunities to explain and account for their sides. Machiavelli was also a philosopher, during the renaissance period, which is a time of revamping of the economies through new means of production. There was also a great insist on religion for most phi losophers. His writing of the prince depicts the prince as a ‘Judeo-Christian man’ with absolute characteristics. It is to this that his description on justice had mixed feelings. The prince was also the overall ruler who gave all final decisions on justice based on his personal thoughts. Aristotle believed that equality is based upon everyone, and even those in power should be treated on the same grounds. The fields of stressing equality were considered in terms of relevancy or irrelevancy of the case. The Aristotelian school of thought would allow a judge to give a ruling based on religion. The best example is a court case involving a Muslim and a Christian where a judge gave a ruling in favour of the Christian on a religion basis. This verdict was based on the theory of treating similar cases similarly and the dissimilar cases dissimilarly. This aptly proves that Aristotle theory of justice was biased in some aspects because basing judgement on religion is explicitly irrelevant. Aristotle also reiterates that justice requires proportionality. This in simple terms means that every person is treated equally with respect to the distribution of benefits and rights of the society. Relevant reasons should be available for treating anyone unequal. Therefore, this justifies inequalities, which relates to claiming justice based on certain provisions. Aristotle’s works, on social justice, have insisted on radical