Law with Tort of Negligence Essay

The application is under s1 sale of goods act there is a contract form between me and Mandela where I have agreement, intention and consideration to buy the armchair from Mandela, thus contract is form. Besides that, armchair is considered goods and there is consideration of money where I paid Mandela for $1500 and lastly there is also transfer of property where I paid $1500 for the armchair from his shop. Hence, in conclusion the armchair that I purchased is under Sale of Goods Act. Another issue in the question is whether we can insist Tyson (owner) compensate me for $500 that I (buyer) spent on fixing the chair and either return the chair and insist upon a refund, specifically under consumer guarantees s 55 fitness for purpose? In the question the law would be s 55 ‘there is an implied guarantee that where the buyer expressly or by implication makes known to the seller the particular purpose for which the goods are required, and shows that judgment and seller, the goods must be reasonable fit for purpose’, based on the case Grant v Australia Knitting Mills and Wallis v Russell. In the question Tyson has breach s 55 fitness for purpose where he is selling furniture in his Classic Antiques Store but the furniture that he sell are fragile. In s 55 there is certain condition we must satisfy. First, buyer must express or the seller has known the buyer particular purpose for the goods they required. Second, has the buyer relied on the seller’s skill or judgment? Third, are the goods of a description which it is in the course of the seller’s business to supply? And lastly, has the buyer ordered the goods under their trade name so that it is clear there is no reliance on the skill of judgment of the seller? Based on the condition above, I had satisfied all the condition, where I express to Mandela (salesperson) that I want to use the armchair as my new house furniture. On the other hand, Mandela stated that ‘It is a solid old thing. I sit on it all the time. ’ Hence, I relied on his judgment and bought the armchair. Moreover, Tyson business are selling furniture’s where the armchair is considered as a furniture, thus it is also satisfied goods are descriptive under the course of the seller’s business. Lastly, although I didn’t buy the armchair based on the trade name, but I rely on the skill or judgment by Mandela. In conclusion, the seller has breach all the criteria in s 55 and under s 261 consumer have the right to choose either a refund or replacement of the products if supplier fail to fulfill with consumer guarantee, as a result I can insist Tyson compensate me for $500 for fixing the chair and also can return the chair and insist upon a refund. Â  Based on the question, the issues would be based on Mandela’s statement that ‘It is a solid old thing. I sit on it all the time. You will be used it safely for many years. Will it lead consumers to believe that it can be used as furniture and can be used safely for many years, specifically under consumer guarantees s 18 Misleading or Deceptive conduct? In the question, the law would be s 18 where ‘A corporation shall not engage in conduct that is misleading or deceptive or is likely to mislead or deceive’, based on the case of Eveready Australia Pty Ltd v Gillette Australia Pty Ltd ,Henjo Investment Pty Ltd & Ors v Collins Marrickville Pty Ltd and Taco Company of Australia Inc v Taco Bell Pty Ltd. In the application, there are 3 elements which must fulfill breach of s 18. First of all, Mandela engage in conduct with me that the armchair is safe and can be used for many years more which imply a false representation of the fact to me where the armchair was actually fragile. Furthermore, I purchase the armchair under trade and commerce whereby under mutual communication, and I negotiated 30minutes orally with Mandela (salesperson) to sell me the armchair with $1500. Moreover, Mandela conduct was misleading or deceptive where he stated he sits on the armchair all the time where he actually doesn’t sit on it and the fact that the chair was actually fragile. Refer to Taco Bell to determine whether the conduct is misleading or deceptive that there are certain criteria to justify whether they are mislead or deceived. First, the conduct is based on me which is justified the targeted by the conduct of the defendant. The time I was in Tyson’s shop, Mandela forms an erroneous conclusion to me, that the armchair is safe and can be used as furniture where it was not the fact. Hence, proves the conduct by Mandela skilled of being misleading or deceptive. In conclusion, Mandela has breach the 3 elements in s 18 of ACL for misleading and deceptive. Based on the question, Tyson is the owner of the shop (Principle), Mandela is the store manager and also salesperson (Agent) and I am the buyer (Third Party). In the question the issue is whether or not Mandela had authority to sell the chair at that price under Agency scope of an agent’s authority? Law is express authority where the agreement is created between agent and principal in the w ritten or oral form based on the case John McCann & Co v Pow. In addition, apparent authority is also applied here where the principle, either by words or conduct, may leads to third party mistaken to believe that an agent has authority to act on the principle’s behalf, based on the case Tooth & Co v Laws. Moreover, duty of agent where the agent must follow the lawful and reasonable instruction of the principle and be honest in performing the job is set by the principle’, based on the case Bertram, Armstrong & Co v Godfray. Hence in the application, Mandela has breach express authority under agency where he doesn’t follow the oral agreement by Tyson to sell the armchair for at least $3500 and he sold the armchair for me with $1500. Besides that, under apparent authority, Tyson either by words or conduct leads me to believe that Mandela has authority to contract on their behalf and I couldn’t know Tyson has instructed Mandela to sell the armchair for at least $3500. Based on the question, the issue is whether I can sue Tyson under tort of negligence and claim compensation? The law tort of negligence was recognized in the case Donoghue v Stevenson where the plaintiff must establish that, the defendant owed the plaintiff a duty of care, the defendant breached that duty, and lastly the plaintiff suffered damage as a result of the breach in tort of negligence. Hence in the application, Tyson (defendant) has owed a duty of care to me (plaintiff) based on the test and relationship. All the risk in the shop must be reasonable foreseeable, however the armchair was not reasonable foreseeable where the armchair looked nice but actually was fragile, even though Tyson does put a sign on the wall of the shop mention that ‘Please do not sit on the chair-fragile- considered sold if damaged’ but as a furniture shop, customers might need to try or test the quality of the products. In addition, there is a vulnerable relationship where Tyson hires Mandela as a manager and salesperson to control the shop, and I was reliant on Mandela, thus Mandela has the duty to protect my safety in the shop. Hence, Tyson has breach duty of care under magnitude of the risk of likelihood of the occurrence where the armchair was not covered or blocked to prevent customer sitting on it which same case as Bolton v Stone. Thus, he had fail to exercise the required standard of care due to the armchair being fragile and I sit on it, the chair had collapsed under my weight and has been injured when I fell to the floor. Hence, I have suffered damage due to the chair collapsed and I fell to the floor. However, Tyson have defenses to negligence under voluntary assumption of the risk where the plaintiff had full and absolute knowledge of the risk where defendant had actually put the sign on the wall that said ‘please do not sit on the chair- fragile- considered sold if damaged’. Besides that, the plaintiff had sufficient appreciation of that particular risk where plaintiff had saw the sign on the wall but ignore the sign. Lastly, there was voluntarily acceptance of that risk as the plaintiff knew the chair were fragile but doesn’t care and sit on the chair. Hence, at defendant point of view plaintiff should bear the risk. In conclusion, as I am the plaintiff I can sue Tyson under tort of negligence and claim for compensation, because Tyson should need to be more aware and cover or block the fragile furniture instead of just putting a sign on the wall due to customer might ignore the sign and sit on the chair.

Universal Healthcare Persuasive

The United States is the only developed nation without universal health care coverage, and the current state of affairs is bankrupting millions. the United States spends more on health care per an individual than any other nation, the World Health Organization reports that the United States only ranks 28th for life expectancy and 37th for mortality of children under the age of 5. For immunizations, the United States ranks 67th – Botswana is 66th. More than 46 million Americans go uninsured each day, 9 million of whom are children. Some believe that universal health care would bankrupt America, but the Congressional Budget Office found that it would actually save $100 to $200 billion dollars per a year, according to the Connecticut Coalition for Universal Health Care. The cost of health care in the United States is also costing American jobs. To avoid hefty insurance premiums, American businesses have moved offices out of the States. Health Care Statistics in the United States Health Insurance. The United States is the only wealthy, industrialized nation that does not have a universal health care system. Source: Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences In 2010, the percentage of Americans without health insurance was 16. 3%, or 49. 9 million uninsured people. Source: US Census Bureau Of the 83. 7% of people with health insurance in 2010, coverage was 55. 3% employment-based, 9. 8% direct-purchase, and 31. 0% government funded (Medicare, Medicaid, Military). (Overlap reflects coverage by more than one type of health insurance). Source: US Census Bureau The primary reason given for lack of health insurance coverage in 2005 was cost (more than 50%), lost job or a change in employment (24%), Medicaid benefits stopped (10%), ineligibility for family insurance coverage due to age or leaving school (8%). Source: National Center for Health Statistics More than 40 million adults stated that they needed but did not receive one or more of these health services (medical care, prescription medicines, mental health care, dental care, or eyeglasses) in 2005 because they could not afford it. Source: National Center for Health Statistics Medicaid, which accounted for 15. 9% of health care coverage in 2010, is a health insurance program jointly funded by the federal and state governments to provide health care for qualifying low-income individuals. Source: US Census Bureau Medicare, a federally funded health insurance program that covers the health care of most individuals 65 years of age and over and disabled persons, accounted for 14. 5% of health care coverage in 2010. Source: US Census Bureau Medicare operates with 3% overhead, non-profit insurance 16% overhead, and private (for-profit) insurance 26% overhead. Source: Journal of American Medicine 2007 Since the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) was created in 1997, the percentage of children ages 0-17 with health insurance has increased from 86% to 93%. Source: National Center for Health Statistics: December 2011 2. 5 million young adults have gained health insurance as a result of the provision in the Affordable Care Act that allows them to remain on their parents insurance plans until age 26. Source: National Center for Health Statistics: December 2011 Health Care Expenditures Health care expenditures in the United States were nearly $2. 6 trillion in 2010, an average of $8,402 per person. Source: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services In 2009, national health care expenditures were paid by households 28%, private businesses 21%, state and local governments 16%, and federal government 27%. Source: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services 75% of all health care dollars are spent on patients with one or more chronic conditions, many of which can be prevented, including diabetes, obesity, heart disease, lung disease, high blood pressure, and cancer. Source: Health Affairs Half of health care spending is used to treat just 5% of the population. Source: Kaiser Family Foundation, May 2012 Since 2001, employer-sponsored health coverage for family premiums has increased by 113%. Source: Kaiser Family Foundation, May 2012 The share of the economy devoted to health care has increased from 7. 2% in 1970 to 17. 9% in 2009 and 2010. Source: Kaiser Family Foundation, May 2012 The U. S. spends substantially more on health care than other developed countries. As of 2009, health spending in the U. S. was about 90% higher than in many other industrialized countries. The most likely causes are higher prices, more readily accessible technology, and greater obesity. Source: Kaiser Family Foundation, May 2012 Infant Mortality In 2005, the United States ranked 30th in infant mortality. Singapore has the lowest rate with 2. 1 deaths per 1000 live births, while the United States has a rate of 6. 9 deaths per 1000 live births. Infant mortality is considered an important indicator of the health of a nation. Source: CDC, NCHS Data Brief, Number 23, November 2009 Approximately 30,000 infants die in the United States each year. The infant mortality rate, which is the risk of death during the first year of life, is related to the underlying health of the mother, public health practices, socioeconomic conditions, and availability and use of appropriate health care for infants and pregnant women. Sources: CDC and National Center for Health Statistics, 2008 The main cause contributing to the high infant mortality rate in the United States is the very high percentage of preterm births. One in 8 births in the United States were born preterm, an increase of 36% since 1984. Source: CDC, NCHS Data Brief, Number 23, November 2009 Life Expectancy Life expectancy at birth in the United States is an estimated 78. 49 years, which ranks 50th in highest total life expectancy compared to other countries. Source: CIA Factbook (2011) Lack of health insurance is associated with as many as 44,789 deaths per year in the United States. Source: Harvard Medical School Study, American Journal of Public Health, December 2009 People without health insurance had a 40 percent higher risk of death than those with private health insurance, a result of being unable to obtain necessary medical care. Source: Harvard Medical School Study, American Journal of Public Health, December 2009 Bankruptcy Nearly two-thirds, or 62%, of all bankruptcy filings in the United States in 2007 were due to illness or medical bills. Source: American Journal of Medicine, June 2009 Among the medical bankruptcy filers in 2007, most were well-educated, owned homes, employed in middle-class occupations, and three-quarters had health insurance. Source: American Journal of Medicine, June 2009 Everyone has the right to health, including health care, according to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Health care is a public good, not a commodity. The U. S. health care system must fulfill these principle s†¢Universality: Everyone in the United States has the human right to health care. †¢Equity: Benefits and contributions should be shared fairly to create a system that works for everyone. †¢Accountability: The U. S. government has a responsibility to ensure that care comes first. If you are against universal health care or don’t have an opinion on it at all, I urge you to read the following. I will attempt to simply and concisely prove why the United States needs to change its current health care system. In the United States of America, 44. 8 million people are without health insurance. Either they can’t afford it or they are denied coverage because the companies do not think they will be â€Å"economical enough†. Even if one does have medical insurance, chances are they will be denied coverage at one point in their life. This is due to the privatized, profit-driven system, which encourages legalese like co-pays, thresholds, limited coverage, and more. Our private system, contrary to popular belief, is incredibly expensive for the state. We give 15% of our GDP to healthcare for a system that is supposedly run by corporations. That’s the highest GDP percentage in the world that is spent on healthcare. Here’s why a universal healthcare system would be better for many reasons. Those who agree that health care is a basic human right (78% of Americans do) would easily list this as the first reason. Universal Health Care would also be cheaper. According to the WHO, the United States spends $3371 per person, per year for health insurance. Look at what these countries pay: Australia: $1017 (#2 in the world). Yeah. We pay three times as much as Australia, the number two country on the list, for a fundamentally broken system. And where does most of that money go? Into the pockets of big insurance company management. As for the doctor pay: Yes, doctors will be paid less. Perhaps as much as 30% less. In spite of this, doctors will still be one of the highest-paid professions in the United States, even with universal health care. Furthermore, under the new system that many are proposing, med school would be partially or completely subsidized by the government. Another argument often heard: â€Å"Taxes would spike†. Not if it’s done right. US government spending is SECOND-HIGHEST in the world per person, for a private system. Countries with Universal Health Care, like Australia, Canada, UK, etc. all have less government spending per person that us, and a better system. Same or less amount of spending means the same or less amount of taxes. Enough of the status quo. It’s time for change. It’s not just about voting with your heart, it’s about voting with your brain. Universal Health Care is the logical alternative.

LAW & ETHICS IN PRACTICE, and Case study(Paramedics area assessments) Research Paper

LAW & ETHICS IN PRACTICE, and Case study(Paramedics area assessments) - Research Paper Example The patient may not realize the potential seriousness of the wound, the potential danger to himself or others, and may be delirious for various possible reasons. Under the A person of or over 18 years of age may, while of sound mind, give a direction under this section about the medical treatment that the person wants, or does not want, if he or she is at some future time†¦incapable of making decisions about medical treatment when the question of administering the treatment arises† (â€Å"Consent to Medical Treatment and Palliative Care Act 1995,† 1995, pp. 6). Jack’s problem is not simply that he was drinking—the other issue was that he could possibly have other medical problems such as the hemmhoraging or a stroke, given the fact that he had certain symptoms. Under the Ambulance Services Act of 1992, â€Å"A licence†¦will be subject to those provisions of this Act prescribed by the regulations, with any necessary or prescribed modificationsâ₠¬  (â€Å"Health Care Act 2008,† 2008, pp. 40). 4. The doctor has legal, ethical, and moral obligations to follow up with his patient in an active role or capacity. He could have his license revoked without proper follow-up or if he mistakenly prescribed medication for which he did not follow up with the patient. It is not safe to assume that the cause of Jack’s problems are completely due to alcohol; rather, alcohol worsened the situation. Jack was already possibly having a medical problem(s) when he drank alcohol. A possible stroke could’ve happened due to the slurred speech and dizziness. The clinicians should follow up just in case anything else is happening with Jack. A legal request may be made for a breathalyzer test since this did cause a domestic disturbance. Jack may be fined for any subsequent damages caused. â€Å"In Australia [there is no equivalent of] the First Amendment†¦,† therefore Jack cannot just say or do whatever he wants and c all it free speech like it might be posited in the United States (Fatehi, 2007, pp. 102). He must be held liable for what he has said and done. 17.Yes, it is evidence of depression with a suicidal tendency. Jack would probably qualify as a level 1 case. In such a case, â€Å"A patient to whom a level 1 detention and treatment order applies may be given treatment for his or her mental illness or any other illness of a kind authorised by a medical practitioner who has examined the patient† (â€Å"Mental Health Act,† 2009, pp. 20). This is enough to render Jack under the care and control of the first responders. Yes, evidence of depression would allow us to take Jack into our care and control, and by law, we now have enough evidence to put Jack under our care and control. Showing that he has the inability to make rational decisions is part of the rationale of this decision. 20.Delaying a decision on this case puts other, more serious clear-cut cases at risk. Therefore, a decision must be made quickly. If the clinicians cannot decide what to do, the decision should be relegated to a higher authority. The police may be utilised to escort Jack to the ambulance. It has happened in several circumstances before where mental patients have been escorted to ambulances by the police. 28. If a guardianship order was issued, the powers that would then give the paramedic would be to take care and control,

Corporate governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Corporate governance - Essay Example management styles with those of the U.S. Many of the largest British multinationals, such as GlaxoSmithKline and BP, have merged with or acquired large U.S. firms, and almost all leading U.K. companies derive substantial proportions of their revenues from the U.S. The differences in management style and culture have become far more nuance. Large British multinationals probably remain more international and cosmopolitan in their outlooks than their U.S. counterparts, slower to act and less inclined to adopt the latest management fads, and less ruthless in dealing with failure and under-performance. However, there is vast industry and firm differences. Under UK GAAP fair values are assigned to identifiable intangible assets only if the identifiable intangibles are capable of being disposed of or settled separately, without disposing of a business of the entity. Under US GAAP, identifiable assets are separately valued and amortised over their useful lives. The separately identifiable intangible assets included in the US GAAP balance sheet are principally comprised of brand rights, which are being amortised over periods between 25 to 30 years. US GAAP requires the Group to record all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. The Group has decided not to satisfy the SFAS No. 133 "Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" (SFAS 133) requirements to achieve hedge accounting for its derivatives, where permitted, and accordingly movements in the fair value of derivatives are recorded in the profit and loss account. (Annual Report and Accounting, 2005) The new era of globalise businesses and increased awareness in the stakeholders have given importance to the notion of Corporate Governance. The execution of the notion will have important consequences for investors, companies, and, critically, for the stock and other financial markets of UK. With the increasing globalisation when every country can be seen as an opportunity for the investors the lack of understanding of effective corporate governance can adversely effect the investment intentions of investors. Nowadays corporate governance is seen as the key of attracting investors. Capital flow seems directed towards the companies, which practice fair and transparent ways of governing their organisations. With the changing global business scenario the need of understanding and effective practise of fair and technologically advance corporate governance has also increased. In my speech I will first explain the notion of Corporate Governance. ICAEW (2002) has explained corporate governance in a very effective and comprehensive manner as " Corporate governance is commonly referred to as a system by which organisations are directed and controlled. It is the process by which company objectives are established, achieved and monitored. Corporate governance is concerned with the relationships and responsibilities between the board, management, shareholders and other relevant stakeholders within a legal and regulatory framework."

English Literature, beginning to Romantic Period. Dialogue Essay

English Literature, beginning to Romantic Period. Dialogue - Essay Example Although Satan as a protagonist may not be the object of admiration as other heroes do, there are some admirable qualities of determination. Satan is also compellingly complex and manages to strike a majestic attitude, not threatened by death or conflict. In The Canterbury Tale, The Wife of Bath tells us how she uses her experience with men to achieve anything she wants. She glorifies her ability to control the institution of marriage, and that she has married several times five men. To her, marrying these five men is not only normal but is acceptable in the bible. Me: welcome guys to our today’s discussion on your roles on earth. Several questions have been raised why you operate the way you do and why you torment those who do not agree with you in one way or the other. What can you say about these allegations? Satan: Thank you, as you I am Satan, the only person who has the ability to challenge our enemies. A man must be able to free his mind; otherwise he would simply be an empty shell with no purpose. That’s why I have to help man think freely, without restrictions by showing him the way to life. The Wife of Bath: Thank you for this forum, I’m here as a testimony of how a free mind can help free humankind’s mind (she wears a broad infectious smile). When Satan talks about the need to establish a free mind, I’m an example of what a free mind can achieve. Satan: (nodes his head in agreement) that’s why heav’n isn’t the right place for mankind, where you’ll be dup’t into believing that you’re free, yet in reality you become a slave of one’s way of thinking. Me: Well, (facing Satan) the last time you disagreed with God you had disobeyed him. You went ahead and started a war that you lost. Instead of picking yourself up and to wage another war, you wage war on mankind by duping them to follow your wicked ways (Milton 6). Satan: (trying hard to control his apparent angered

Slanket Case from Harvard Business Review by John Deighton Essay

Slanket Case from Harvard Business Review by John Deighton - Essay Example A slanket’s body length makes it convenient to use in the comfort of a sofa or even while studying. Some customers send slankets to their loved ones as gifts during feasts and festivals, such as Christmas and Halloween. It saves money that could otherwise be spent on thermostats during winter. Its use is further promoted by consumers when watching movies and during long car journeys. Distribution Situation Gary Clegg ensured the effective delivery of the product to customers’ doorsteps. Every time an online order was made, the details of the client were noted and responded to online. Gary accompanied these deliveries with a personal note, thanking the customer for purchasing the product. He also built a supply chain that helped source the product from China, in partnership with a North Carolina company. Competitive Situation The main competitor of the Slanket Organization came in October, 2008, by the name Allstar Marketing Group (AMG). Based in Hawthorne, New York, the firm was a Direct-Response Television (DRTV). This was a highly successful marketing firm that was previously credited with the production of Aqua Globe, a self-watering system for house plants, and Big City Sliders, a device that produced miniature hamburgers. As an infomercial marketer, the Allstar Marketing Group produced a cheaper version of the Slanket, dubbed â€Å"snuggie†. ... However, there is uncertainty in this industry as it is not known whether other consumer trends may occur or which other company may enter and invest in the industry. SWOT Analysis of the Slanket Business Strengths To begin with, the Slanket Business had quite a diligent and industrious pair of managers. Gary Clegg researched on patents, found a textiles supplier and oversaw production. Despite the discouragement from lawyers concerning the impossibility of obtaining a patent of their work, due to the difficulty in distinguishing the design from a bathrobe, hospital gown, stylized shawl or poncho, Gary persisted and would not let go of the business. Gary’s elder brother, Jeff Clegg, was also important in the success of the business in its earlier years. He set up the infrastructure for a web-based business. On day one of their business, he worked tirelessly for 14 hours on the screen, answering emails and filling orders. These two brothers further cooperated in effectively man aging the staff and the transaction operations of the Slanket Organization. The Slanket Business had an upper hand in ensuring product awareness. The on-line word of mouth promotion was also strength to the business. At Digg.com and the Daily Candy, an email newsletter and insider guide that appeared in one million subscribers’ inboxes daily, Gary and Jeff could reach over a vast proportion of potential clients each day. Exclusive contracts went as far as having Gary host live sales for the slanket on the QVC Channel, a televised home-shopping network. This was an added strength in getting more customers, ensuring more sales. For instance, by the end of 2007, QVC had sold over 30 000 units (Deighton & Kornfeld, 2010). Another contract was made with an airline

Harp of burma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Harp of burma - Essay Example By using the analogy of music, the Burmese harp that Mizumshima played, Takeyama has tried to promote an ideal of peace after the ravages of World War II, keeping in mind the Buddhist teachings of peace and harmony. After the Second World War, people saw the ravages of war firsthand.. Despite the dangers involved, the soldiers on both sides fought valiantly and fearlessly, perhaps not just because of their ideals, but for the pride and vainglory of their leaders and generals. To boost their morale at the war front, often troupes of musicians were sent to them to keep them entertained. This was done in an attempt to keep them fighting. Despite the peaceful ideals of Buddhism, the Japanese fought the British in Burma, a Buddhist country and shed a lot of blood there. This was in direct contrast to the Buddhist teachings. As per Mayton, â€Å"Non violence is at the heart of Buddhist thinking and behavior. The first of the five precepts that all Buddhists should follow is [to] avoid killing, or harming any living thing† (47). People who shed blood in their own ancestral land are cursed. Added to this was the fact that due to the continuous onslaught of the British, and the defeats of the Japanese elsewhere, it was becoming more and more difficult to continue fighting, calling for the Burmese to surrender (Win 114). There were many Japanese soldiers, however, who refused to surrender despite the surrender of their government. In the novel, Mizushima was asked to convince a group of soldiers, who were still fighting in the mountains, to surrender to the British. McDonald states that the Buddhist cultural practices and beliefs entail that if surrender achieves peace, then people should not be made to suffer by non surrender (23). The Burmese, being Buddhists, considered war to be foreign to their way of life, however, their Japanese occupiers were actively shedding blood in their land.

The Phases of Negotiation and the Strategies Used in the Dairy Co Essay

The Phases of Negotiation and the Strategies Used in the Dairy Co - Essay Example The first issue that we had to deal with was reaching a basis for increase in wages during the life of the agreement. The objective of this issue before the negotiation was â€Å"Productivity benefit to be shared 60%-40% between the company and the workers†. The outcome after the negotiation was â€Å"Productivity benefit to be shared 70%-30% between company and workers†. The second issue was to reach common grounds over workplace agreements such as the process by which employees will be identified for and be nominated for training. The objective of the team before the negotiation was â€Å"Get the management to agree to pay training fees for employees. Vacancies should be first given to employees who are trained.† As for the outcome, the negotiation objective was achieved. The third issue that was raised was an agreement over hours’ roster, including implications for shifts and for over time. For this issue the objective before negation was : â€Å"emplo yee will be paid across 1 week. Average weekly working hour would be 38 hours. There will be 6 working day per week (Mon-Sat). Working hour for over 2 hours in one working day, the payment will be 1.5 times.† However the objective was not achieved during negotiations and the outcome was: â€Å"Employee will be paid across two weeks. Average weekly working hour would be 38 hrs. There will be 6 working days per week (Mon-Sat). ... The fifth and the final issue was regarding the establishment of a joint work place committee-most of the practical arrangements (size, facilities etc) have been agreed and only two issues remain - whether the committee should be a negotiating body or a consultative one; and whether any company information can be kept confidential from the committee.Objective before negotiation was : â€Å"Employee can know have little access to financial information to make sure company have ability to pay their money. Employees can delegate small number of employees to join company's meeting. However, employees have to sign the contract with Dairy Co. to keep the information confidential.† The objective was achieved as both sides reached an agreement over it. There are various strategies that people can employ to negotiate. It is very important to make sure that the right strategy is chosen so that the results that follow are effective. The deal is to ensure that both manger and the employee s can benefit from the strategy. (Jordon & Roloff ; 1997) Managers at Dairy Co want to sustain long term relationship with employees. This helped a lot during our preparation and our way through most of the phases of this negotiation. The management tried to be co-operative and hence an integrative strategy was opted for. Integrative bargaining is based on the premise that the table is open for both parties to co-operate and interact with each other to find a viable solution which upholds the interest of both parties. (Fells, 1998) The goal is essentially to maximize benefits for both sides or as they call it a, lead the negotiations to a â€Å"win-win† situation. The first phase that we identified was the â€Å"begin phase†. In this phase a lot of meetings were

How civil war changed families Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How civil war changed families - Assignment Example Why should only men be able to fight for what they believed in? Also of course a soldier earned roughly double what any woman, whatever her profession or trade, could earn at the time. A ‘man’ had freedom which a woman could not enjoy, so some of these women kept up the pretence for the rest of their lives, although the majority were spotted at some early point. Jenny Hodgers was one of the women who believed that there were more opportunities given to young men than would ever be available to women at that time. It is even possible that she saw it as the only way she could survive in her adopted country. Righthand gives an estimate of about 400 such women who actually served as soldiers. ( Righthand 2011) Yet in 1909 the United States Army issued a statement, saying that they denied the fact :- Any woman was ever enlisted in the military service of the United States as a member of any organization of the Regular or Volunteer Army at any time during the period of the civil war. (quoted by Johnson, 2009). Jennie Irene Hodgers was one such woman. Born in Ireland into a poor family she somehow managed to survive the famine and eventually arrived in America, perhaps from Belfast. The date is uncertain, but she possibly already dressed as a man. Crombie suggests that she was a stowaway ( Crombie , 2005). One suggestion is that her step father made her dress as a boy in order that she could earn the family necessary money ( Vicksburg National Park , undated). She took work as a labourer, as a shepherd and as a farmhand, but America was already split by war, and had been so since 1861. Aged only 19 in 1862 she enlisted in the 95th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment ( O Coisdealha, 2010). There was a medical examination, but this was only concerned with the eyes and ears of the new recruits. She didn’t even have to commit forgery as she could neither read or write, so just made her mark (Crombie, 2005). There was no space on the form for writing male or female. It simply wasnâ€℠¢t considered as a possibility. There followed a month or so of basic military training and then the company marched off to Kentucky and their real war began. During the next three years Jennie would march some 10,000 miles back and forth as the war progressed. Despite being only 5’ 3†, and so one of the shortest people in the regiment , she held her own in some 40 battles under the leadership of General Ulysses S.Grant. She was simply thought of as a bit of a loner , as when he /she sought privacy for such things as bathing. It is believed that the other soldiers were unaware of her true gender. This she was able to keep up even when she had a severe attack of diarrhea (Vicksberg National Park, undated). She was captured at the siege of Vicksburg, but escaped by knocking her guard cold. She managed to get through the whole war without serious injury, although there were times when many around her suffered serious wounds. This meant her body was never examined closely a ll that time . Years later when her true identity was finally revealed one of her former messmates would say :- â€Å"I never suspected at any time all through the service that Cashier was a woman.† There was agreement that she pulled her weight as well as any other soldier. The men slept in the clothing they had worn all day. Sometimes they would go weeks without undressing and bathing. All of this would help Jenny to keep up her deception. The war was over at last in August 1965, and she, along with all the other soldiers, was demustered with an honourable discharge. She was then left to make her own way ion life , as were all the other veterans. Faced with an uncertain future she decided to keep up the disguise. She returned to the one place she knew well, Illinois , where of course she was

Comparing Ibn khaldun ecnomics theory with laffer curve, Taxation Research Paper

Comparing Ibn khaldun ecnomics theory with laffer curve, Taxation - Research Paper Example Ibn Khaldun appears as a forerunner of the prominent American economist Arthur Laffer whose suggestion complements that high rates contract the tax base since decrease the economic activity (Ibn et al. 1969). According to Laffer, the relationship amid tax and revenues is that changes in taxes have effects on profits. Ibn Khaldun’s concepts are comparable to those of supply economics that emphasizes incentives and tax reduction as a way of economic development. Ibn Khalduns’ taxation theory is considered a unique and one of his most significant contributions to the economic policy. His tax theory has cemented a place in the world of economics. The paper attempts to table experimental evidence that can support and fortify his tax theory. It similarly introduces Ibn Khaldun’s exemplary work Muqaddimah as well as economic ideologies seen in his work. On another account, the essay seeks to examine Ibn Khalduns’s theory and the Laffer curve comparatively. The key objective of Ibn Khaldun’s theory of taxation is to reduce to the lowest level possible the levies upon individuals capable of undertaking cultural enterprises. Through this way, the individuals will psychologically dispose of themselves to undertake their activities because there is an assurance that they will make a profit at the end of the day. He, therefore, advocates reducing the burden of taxation upon business entities, as well as producers, in order to entice the enterprise through guaranteeing greater returns to the entrepreneur, as well as revenue to the government. In practice, he realized that the government depends on low taxes. And for that reason, the enterprises increase in the number as well as size therefore permitting the growth of the tax base, revenue, and governmental surplus (Ibn et al. 1969). At the conclusion of a dynasty, taxation produces massive income from small valuation. The reason thereby is that when family trails the means of religion , it executes

The domestic reforms of Alexander II Essay Example for Free

The domestic reforms of Alexander II Essay During Alexander IIs time on the throne he introduced many reforms that changed the face of Russia. Some historians argue that the Tsar wanted to prevent more drastic change and protect the autocracy, for example the main reform that the Tsar is remembered for, is the emancipation of the surfs. This can be seen as the single greatest liberating measure in the history of Europe and it also gave motivation to further reforms. However Alexander made a speech saying; It is better to abolish serfdom from above then to wait for the time when it begins to abolish itself from below this speech starts to question why the Tsar was really instigating the reforms, it shows that he was very aware of the feeling of unrest among the peasants, and as they made up 80% of the Russian population, the Tsar felt it would be wise to improve their situation and as a result this would strengthen Russia as a whole. This can therefore be seen as an act of the Tsar to keep control of his country and his seat in power. For that reason I feel that this shows that the main intention of this reform was to prevent any radical changes. Another reason why I feel that the emancipation of surfs was designed with the Tsars interest and fears of revolution at heart was when the serfs were freed, their landlords were given compensation for the loss of their land from the state. However the peasants were then forced to the make redemption payments to the Obshchina (community/village) over 49 years. In fact the peasants ended up with around 1/5 less land than before, due to the fact that they now had to pay for it. This showed that the Tsar did not create the reform solely for his people; he created it to help his economy and to prevent any radical change that may have been caused by an economic ruin. However some people argue that this was not his main intension in all reforms. For example they feel that the Military reforms were beneficial for the country, as it would help Russia defend itself. The Tsar divided the empire into different military districts each able to make its mobilisation more efficient. I feel that this was not a defence against radical change but in response to the resounding defeat suffered by Russia in the Crimean War (1856), and to an awareness of military advances implemented in other European countries. I also see the new judicial system that he created as a not have the prevention of change as its main intention, as I feel that it was very important for the surfs to be tried fairly which meant there was less corruption in the state. However some may see this reform as being guilty of having an underlying feeling that the Tsar was creating it so that the people were happy as they were now being tried fairly, therefore trying to prevent drastic change. However I feel that it is unfair to completely dismiss emancipation as some see it not as a reform that focused the Tsars sole desire to prevent any drastic change but as a reform that was designed to give freedom to a class that had before been denied any form of independence, to me this shows that not all reforms were designed by the Tsar to prevent drastic change. In conclusion I feel that Alexander IIs main intension in all of the reforms was to prevent more drastic change in Russia, as I feel that each of the reforms that he created have and underlying feeling that each was designed so that the autocracy benefited from it in some way, or so that there wouldnt be anything that could lead to any radical change like an revolution of some kind.

Health and Safety in Social Care Essay Example for Free

Health and Safety in Social Care Essay The mission : The prevention of death, injury and ill health to those at work and those affected by work activities. †¢ Shocking failures – it’s why we need to obey the law We know it’s an extremely important aspect of care. We know there’s been a lot of debate about how to improve it. We know there have been high-profile cases where it’s failed miserably. But do we really understand what safeguarding means on a day-to-day basis for everyone involved in providing or receiving care? And there’s been much discussion about whether ‘adults at significant risk’ is better. Sometimes there’s confusion between safeguarding and adult protection, which relates to investigation of abuse rather than it’s prevention. †¢ Health and social care workers – protecting the vulnerable The terminology can be an issue in itself. We now refer to ‘adults at risk’ after the Law Commission’s report on adult social care pointed out that the previously acceptable term ‘vulnerable adult’ could suggest that the cause of abuse was located with the victim, and didn’t place responsibility with the actions of others. The commission found that people saw the term as â€Å"stigmatising, dated, negative and disempowering†. †¢ Part of a system  Legislation, regulation and guidance are becoming clearer and more consistent, with the implementation of the Law Commission recommendations on adult protection and making safeguarding adult boards – which already exist in most local authorities – mandatory.But there’s still a lot to learn, not least about what constitutes a safeguarding issue and what relates to everyday management, staff practice, quality and safety. Without that clarity, people may worry about over-reacting or taking the wrong action.

Demographics of Huang Shan, China

Demographics of Huang Shan, China Huang Shan is located in southern Anhui province in eastern China. The city has neighbors of Jingdezhen and Wuyuan County of Jaingxi Province in its southwest edge, Kaihua, Chunan and Linan of Zhejiang Province in its southeast edge, Xuancheng City in its northeast, Chizhou City in its northwest. Huang Shan annual average temperature is low, only 7.8 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, annual range for temperature is small, only 20.3à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. Winter valley with a temporary temperature inversion phenomenon, the density of the cold air in winter night is big, so the cold air along the hillside into the bottom of the valley, the temperature is higher than the bottom in a certain height of slope zone. The annual average precipitation days 180.6 days, it is only 150-160 days on the foothill. The precipitation days are less in winter, but it increase in spring. It usually has heavy rain in May and June. From the June to September, the precipitation is 49% of annual rainfall, and is 69.6% of the heavy rain over the same period of years. The most Rainfall is 3326.6 mm in 1973, and the least one is 1548.6 mm in 1978. On the tectonic, Huangshan Mountain is located in contact zone between jiangnan ancient and Yangtze platform. The main tectonic line is almost the same with direction of mountain ranges which are the direction of northeast and southwest. The majority part of Huangshan Mountain is constituted by granite. In the south of promenade creek fracture have Sandstone, quartz sandstone, volcanic rock and metamorphic volcanic rocks. In the north of lotus hill is the Taiping rock mass. Huangshan has eight hundred million geologic history, and integrating peaks landforms, glacial traces. Also have the typical geological landscape which are Modelling of granite stone, Granite cave room and Fountain pool stream organ etc Huangshan Mountain has 77 peaks and each peak is sharp. Granite stone forest and stalagmites are distribute among peak, mountainside and valley etc. extensively. There are numerous mountains, rivers and valleys distributed around Huang Shan. Those valleys are deep in those mountains. The both side of the valley are steep walls. Various kinds of rocks are distribute among mountains and valley. Because of the orogenesis, the earths crust uplift, glacier and Natural weathering. Huangshan Mountain form the structure of peak. The main part of Huangshan Mountain is constituted by granite, and it suffered from a strongly erosion, cutting, fractured, long-term water dissolution, then formed granite caves and drill ways. The quaternary glacial relics of huangshan are mainly distributed in the south-east of the mountain. Base on the Huangshan Mountain rock mass affected by internal and external factors, long time weathering along the vertical cracks, many peaks are composed. 560 million years ago the early tertiary period of Himalayan movement, those sedimentary cover are erode by the uplifting of the mountain. Then Huangshan Mountain finally appear the earth’s surface. During the tertiary and quaternary, Himalayan movement made the earths crust uplift generally. Huangshan Mountain also unceasingly rises accordingly. At the same time the granite peak are made by erode. In the quaternary period, Huangshan Mountain had three ice age and the glaciers handling. There have many signs of glaciation left on the granite that made Huangshan Mountain has the landscape of glacial landform. There are about 600 rivers in the area of Huangshan mountain, among with more than 10 km river of the number of 108. Two hillsides locate in the Huangshan city, one in the area of north and another of south. Drainage area in these two hillsides split with 76.98% and 23.02% (north 7569.93 km and south 2264.1 km). There are 15 hot springs in yellow mountain, one called zhusha hot springs is one of the four top visit place. It’s history could back to Tang Dynasty. The altitude of its place is 650 m, the water degree vary from 41.1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ to 42.5à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ and its changed based on the temperature, range of rain. The flow to itself in the day of 219.51 tons and 145.23 tons at night. The area of yellow mountain water resource comes from nature rain, witch the biggest rainstorm over there and the average rain is 1775.9 mm. The districts rich with ground water, the flow over 9.928 billion m, but the distribution of its ground river flow is unequal which more in the month of May to July and less when in the winter. The proportion is 1 to 5. The flood caused by torrential rains, huangshan, cause the harm of plants, animals and human. Some years the flood would be worse to threat the species to regenerate. Huangshan mountain has a stable-balanced ecosystem. Plant community complete and is vertical distribution, forest coverage is 84.7%, vegetation coverage rate is 93.0%, there are 222 families, 827 genera and 1805 species of higher plants. Furthermore, Huangshan mountain is an perfect place for animal living and breeding, there are 24 kinds of fish, amphibians is 21 species, 48 species of reptiles, 176 kinds of birds, beasts is 54. Huangsheng Mountain has a stable ecosystem characteristics. 84.7% rate of forest coverage, 93% rate of vegetation coverage. Productivity Huangshan Mountain has Rich mineral resources. There have various minerals under the Huangshan Mountain, such as limestone, granite, porcelain clay, quartzite, serpentine stone coal and building materials. Huangshan Mountain also have gold, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, antimony, beryllium, non-ferrous metals such as lead, niobium, tantalum, uranium and rare metal mineral, and bentonite, Fu, sulfur, barite, crystal stone, such as non-metallic mineral resources. Services Huangshan Mountain has an abundant tourism resources. Huangshan Mountain has various scenic spots that attracted people to travel. Huangshan Mountain provide the source that people can take bath in hot spring. And there also have many restaurants and Hotels that provided to people. due to the climate change in different layer of the mountain, the plants varied between those layers. the group of the forest include shrubs and herbs in intact. Its ecological system usually balance. the palnts grows health and regularly locate. and many plants could be uesd for medicine. the total area is 126500 mu, the storage is about 365200 cubic meters. if in the open area of the moutain you can see high level plants like pine, bamboo, niche and so on. Macaque also known as golden monkey. It is tall and big, arms and legs are sturdy. Mainly weight is in 35-40 kilograms, the largest is 50 kilograms. It has long hair in the body, sometimes stood up and walk like human. They imitate human action accurate and flexible. They often exercise together in the forest or peaks. Sometimes, they would play with tourists and friendly. They live in 800-1500 meters of evergreen and deciduous mixed forests, deciduous broad-leaved forest zone. They often migrate down to the valley in the winter, and they usually walking through in 600-800 meters of the broadleaf tree forest for food. Macaque is the second class protected animals in China. Nowadays, Huang Shan is a famous tourist attractions. Many people from all over the world came to Hang Shan. People get materials and foods from Hang Shan. However, the environment become more serious than before, so many plants and animal become endanger. There are some severe problems about polluted in the next slide.

Cezanne, Lowry and Landscapes Essay -- Visual Arts Paintings Art

Cezanne, Lowry and Landscapes Cezanne Paul Cezanne, who was the son of a wealthy banker, became a painter in the 1860s in Paris when he quit his studies of Law. By 1874 he was painting landscapes in the Impressionist manner and had some of his work included in their first exhibition held during that very same year. He painted in the Impressionistic manner, but sheared off in a different direction to the main body of Impressionist painters. The main body of Impressionist painters were concerned with the 'fleeting effects of light and colour', and in order to capture the surface impression of that moment 'they had to work fluently and quickly'. 's analysis was far more prolonged and pains-taking; He spent so long analysing his subjects that some of his work was never finished. began to be more concerned with the use of colour in modelling objects and landscape and as a way of expressing their underlying form. The basic ideas of Cubism have been claimed to be present in his philosophy. His theory was that the painter could always find the cone, the sphere and the cylinder in Nature, and that all natural shapes were composed of these shapes at their most basic form. inherited sufficient wealth to live in rich seclusion in Provence near Aix. He needed this solitude or he found it difficult getting on with others: being naturally ill at ease, neurotically sensitive and suffering from outbursts of temper. His great contribution to art was to make Impressionism solid: to restore the careful analysis of form and structure that pervaded the old masters but to combine this with an intensity of colour and harmony, full of personal expression. In his landscapes he showed a deep feeling for the force of nature in each sweeping line and chopping stroke of the brush, in the intense orange earth against the clear Provence skies. Always dissatisfied with his efforts, struggled unceasingly to reveal the truths of nature. He made many landscape paintings of the area where he lived and through them he achieved great success even in his old age. Many of these landscapes like "Route-Tournante" pulse and glow with his free and painstaking analysis. Part of the vitality of this picture lies in the loose and patchy technique The effect is particularly striking in the subtle greens of the trees and the subtle earth tones. Part of the interest ... ...riel Decamps, Charles-Emile Jacque, and other minor landscape and animal painters - e.g Brascassat/Rosa Bonheur. During the second half of the nineteenth century, the school became more and more famous - the number of painters in the "school" also increased. Barbizon was the name of the area in France where members of this school settled down to paint. Jean-Francois Millet, together with Theodore Rousseau, became the centre - the nucleus of the Barbizon community, and the reference point for all the other Barbizonners - the other members of the Barbizon school. Millet settled down in Barbizon in 1849. has often been described as the initiator of the Impressionist movement, and indeed he did develop many of the ideas that we saw in the movement as it developed. It could be said that Lowry painted landscape in an Impressionist fashion as well, as his pictures are painted in such a way as to make the viewer aware of the message behind the picture rather than the actual picture which has been depicted using brushstrokes from a man of incredible painting skill. A painting by has been included with this essay, along with a reproduction of one of Lowry's pictures.

Leonard?s Tattoos in Memento Essay -- essays research papers

Leonard’s Tattoos in Memento Memento is a film written by director Christopher Nolan, where Leonard Shelby, an overly confused man wants revenge after his wife's murder. Leonard suffers brain damage rendering him incapable of making new memories; her death is the last thing branded in his mind. Though his affliction keeps him from being able to form new memories, Leonard seeks revenge; to wreak this revenge he must keep notes on even his own life, tattooing himself with important clues. Told in segments that move backwards in time, the audience follow Leonard back through a series of events, learning in each segment what happened previously, things Leonard has already forgotten. To help him with his search, he has evolved a system. He takes Polaroid pictures, putting names to faces, marking which car is his, which hotel room is his. Moreover, to keep certain notes from being lost or changed, he has an elaborate series of tattoos slowly growing all over his body. The largest of these tattoos is written right across Leonard’s chest, written in backwards script so that when he stands in front of a mirror, the main fact is there for him to see: â€Å"John G. Raped and Murdered My Wife.† Below this is another tattoo that reads, â€Å"Find him and kill him.† Scattered across his torso and arms are a collection of facts he has gathered about the case, the points that Leonard thinks are most important. In addition, he has only one tattoo that is visible with clothes in which he is able ...

Education for Cosmopolis :: Learning Curriculum Essays

Education for Cosmopolis ABSTRACT: An education for Cosmopolis is a kind of mediation between a cultural matrix and the meaning and value it confers on personal and communal self-appropriation, as genuine human beings, through history. The main strategy for a cosmopolitan educative integrates, around the notion of Cosmopolis, the tasks of an education conceived as a personal achievement and an education conceived as a legacy one generation shares with another. Cosmopolis, as a higher viewpoint of a culture, is based on the power of detachment and disinterestedness of human spirit; it is not an utopia nor an imaginative synthesis. A cosmopolitan education is radically emancipative. It involves a dialectical self-appropriation of the dynamic unit of human consciousness in the variables of development. Self-appropriation involves a fourfold conversion: psycho-affective, intellectual, moral, and religious. A cosmopolitan education also teaches us to think historically, to reach a world-cultural community, and to withdraw from practicality to save practicality. These thoughts are developed from the work of Bernard J. F. Lonergan. I. The Educative Mediation Education (1) mediates between cultural matrices and the meaning and value they give to their personal and communal processes of self-appropriation and self-affirmation as genuine human beings in history. Lonergan means by "mediation": . . . any factor, quality, property, feature, aspect, that has a source, origins, ground, basis, and consequences, effects, derivatives, a field of influence, radiation, expansion, an expression, manifestation, revelation, outcome may be said to be immediate in the source, origin, ground, basis, and mediated in its consequences, effects, derivatives, outcome, in its field of influence, radiation, expansion, in its expression, manifestation, revelation (1984, p. 2; p. 12). Such is the general or simple notion of mediation. Education is immediate in the basis and mediated in its expansion. The basis of education lays in cultural matrices. They generate, transform, and share meanings and values by the product of several patterns of experience (inconscient, dramatic, biological, aesthetic, artistic, practical, intellectual, religious, etc.), and the spontaneous and self-correcting processes of learning, such as the human cooperation in labor, the human intersubjectivity in language and communication, and the cooperation with others as the basis of legitimate power in the community. The expansion of education is an historical self-consciousness that persons and communities would autonomously affirm. Conceived as a mutual self-mediation process, education combines two types of mediation: mutual mediation and self-mediation. As a mutual mediation education is a reciprocal relation, where its elements configure an interchanging "functional whole: there are at least two principles and each mediates the other or others" (p.

Naxalism Essay

One of the largest internal security threats that the government of India faces today is Naxalism. 1Recent reports show that naxalist movements have spread to as many as 22 states across India, including states such as Gujarat, Punjab, Delhi and Uttarakhand that were earlier known not to have any links to naxalism and as many as 39 Left-wing extremist groups are currently operating in the country with a combined membership of more than a lakh. The naxalite-armed movement is based on the Maoist ideology, which is mobilizing large parts of rural populations to revolt against established institutions by engaging in guerilla warfare. The Naxalite’s use of arm and ammunition against the state and central security forces has challenged the very principles of the state, which are sovereignty and the sole control on use of power. In light of this the research paper aims to explain that how Naxalism has proved to be a challenge to the state of India and how the Indian government is try ing to overcome this challenge. (2) According to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Naxalism remains the biggest internal security challenge and it is imperative to control left-wing extremism for the country’s growth. These lines by the Prime Minister itself explains that how Naxalism is a serious challenge to India. The terms Naxalites or Maoists are used to refer to militant far-left radical Communist groups operating in India. They are inspired by the doctrines of Mao Zedong who believed that Naxalites should work to overthrow the government and upper classes by violence. The start of Naxalism can be traced back from a period when the Mughals used to rule the country but originally it (3) started from Naxalbari area in West Bengal in 1967 and since then has spread to the rural areas in central and eastern India, ostensibly to champion the cause of small farmers and tribals through violence but was wiped out in 1970. It soon became out of fashion in its homeland West Bengal. But the underground operations of the outfit continued. The Naxal Management Division of the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) describes the (4) objectives of Naxalites as destroying â€Å"the State legitimacy, and to create a mass base, with certain degree of acceptability, with the ultimate object of attaining political power by violent means.† The MHA has also stated that Naxalites attach themselves to various organizations and societies on issues such as displacement, land reforms and acquisition where they can increase their mass support. (5) They have been named as a terrorist organization according to the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of India, 1967. Naxalites since long have been challenging the central and the state government on various fronts. The naxalites have been attacking police establishments and infrastructures such as public transportation, national buildings, which has caused insecurity and instability in the entire area. (6) From the period 2006-2012, there were nearly 12,000 incidents with Naxalites in which 4,000 civilians killed. The Naxalites have been spotted active in approximately 40 percent of India’s geographical area. (7) They control large portions of remote and densely forested areas and are concentrated in an area called â€Å"Red Corridor†. This area is also the tribal belt where the tension between economic development and aboriginal land rights is most apparent. The Naxalists have shown activity in recent times in regions such as Darbha Valley, Chattisgarh that has led to several deaths of civilians and security-personnel. Naxalism affects the nation at various stages. It affects severa l macroeconomic factors such as reduction in per capita GDP growth, higher inflation rates, lower tax revenues, higher expenditure on defense at the cost of expenditure on education and health and lower exports, reduced bilateral trade flows and reduced foreign direct investment inflows. The Indian Government has adopted various policies and various steps in an attempt to tackle the problem of naxalism. The India Home Minister P Chidambaram has declared that the security forces need to be more assertive against the Maoists. However, this is only one part of the solution. An examination of the reasons behind the Naxalite movement indicate that military force on its own will not be enough to counter India’s biggest security. So various other approaches like 8A Task Force on inter-State coordination headed by Special Secretary, Internal Security, an  Inter Ministerial Group in the Ministry of Home Affairs to review the implementation of development programmes in Naxalite affected areas, a high-level Task Force under Cabinet Secretary have been formed for promoting coordinated efforts across a range of development and security measures. These institutional mechanisms, and the interactions that have taken place, have eventually helped to generate a degree of consensus among the States about the need to pursue a coordinated strategy. In an attempt to deal with this decades old problem, it has been felt appropriate, after various high-level deliberations and interactions with the State Governments concerned, that an integrated approach aimed at the relatively more affected areas would give surer results. 9With this in view, a detailed analysis of the spread and trends in respect of naxalite violence has been made and 34 affected districts in 8 States have been taken up for special attention on planning, implementation and monitoring of development schemes. Within these 34 districts, 8 most affected districts in 4 States, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Orissa, have been taken up for implementation of integrated security and development action plans, an approach that can be replicated in other affected districts also. Focused attention is also being provided in meeting the security deficits in these districts, in terms of employment of infrastructure, police deployment, weaponry, equipment, etc. The concerned ministries are also taking necessary steps. The Telangana movement of the 1940’s was what started the Naxali movement and more importantly the revolt in 1967 in Naxalbari have created a political movement in India that is deep-rooted firmly and cannot be swept away easily. The state has been dealing with the problem of naxalism for the past 40 years and if it doesn’t change the way it handles naxalism then the problem of naxalism will carry on for coming few decades. The record of the past four decades shows clearly that an approach that is almost exclusively based on force and suppression is not able to destroy the movement. Even a situation like in 1971 where the state was able to curb the challengers with a hard hand and almost destroyed the movement, cannot be repeated today as it is entrenched too deeply within India’s socio-political sphere of the affected areas. The state is at war with itself but this war cannot be won by the use of military. It will carry on to be a part of Indian politics and   society, as long the state does not acknowledge the fact that why these movements are not coming to an end. The government seriously needs to find a permanent solution. The proposal of developing the remote areas will further worsen the situation, as it is not what the Naxalis demand. Therefore the state must start to fight the conflict legally, minimize collateral damage, strengthen the leadership of the security forces and abstain from any human rights violation. The security forces should start protecting the population living within the area of conflict instead of merely confronting the Maoists on large scale. The Naxalite movement must be challenged politically by presenting better alternatives to the Maoist approach and should offer new perspectives. In this regard the state should start addressing the basic needs of the poor and fulfilling its main responsibilities to deliver human development to these disadvantaged areas. But also the possibility of the Naxalites achieving their aims must be questioned. Indeed they were able to spread all over the country and constitute a big challenge but the persisting military tie makes it illusionary for the Maoists to seize state power within the foreseeable future. †¨Their advantage is that they put issues on th e public agenda, which were being ignored, and that they gave people a voice that was neglected. Today they are a part of the public discourse. I am in favor of the approach used by the naxalis as they are the minorities and it would have been unlikely for the movement to achieve similar results if it would have followed a non-violent approach, as they would have lacked publicity. Many people within the Indian society have sympathy for the root cause that the Maoists are fighting for, however the fewest agree on the violent way of struggle. The execution of brutal violence and attacks on civilians, such as the recent one where the Naxalis 10triggered a landmine blast in a forest area on the Maharashtra-Chhattisgarh border in the wee hours on Thursday, which eventually led to the killing of at least three police commandoes. Without a second thought Naxalism is a serious threat to the Indian state. The Naxalite movement is an indication of the failure of the Indian state to provide human development for its citizens. Naxalism does not only threaten the flow of foreign direct investments but could destabilize the whole politica l order as many citizens lose their faith in the state and therefore its legitimacy is challenged. India, which is on its way to become one of  the superpower on the international level, needs to tackle its internal problems urgently. BIBLIOGRAPHY: – Website articles 1. Amitabh Sinha: New Delhi, July 3, Fri Jul 04 2008, 23:18 hrs. 2. Deccan Herald, May 24. 3. Ritesh K Srivastava, reporting for zee news (October 17 2013) 4. Press release by government of India, Naxal problem needs a holistic approach (22 july 2009). 5. Article by Naxal Management Division, a part of the home ministry of India on Naxals. Books: – 1. Red Sun by Sudeep Chakravarti (Penguin books Company) 2. The Naxalites and their Ideologies by Rabindra Ray, Third edition (Oxford India Paperbacks) Primary Source: – 1. Red Sun by Sudeep Chakravarti (Penguin books Company)

Ancient India Technology Essay

In ancient Indian mathematics was kn birth by the general signalize of Ganita, which included arithmetic, geometry, algebra, astronomy and astrology. It was Aryabhatta, who gave a sunrise(prenominal) direction to trigonometry. The denary system too was an innovation of India. By the third degree centigrade B. C. mathematics, astronomy and medicine began to develop separately. In the field of mathematics ancient Indians do three distinct contributions, the notation system, the decimal system and the use of naught.The earliest epigraphic register of the use of decimal system belongs to the fifth part degree Celsius A. D. Before these numerals appeared in the atomic number 74 they had been employ in India for centuries. They are set in the inscriptions of Ashoka in the third cytosine B. C. Indians were the first to use the decimal system. The cognise mathematician Aryabhata (A. D. 476-500) was acquainted with it. The Chinese learnt this system from the Buddhistic mission aries, and the western world borrowed it from the Arab as when they came in contact with India.Zero was discovered by Indians in ab forbidden the second century B. C. From the very beginning Indian mathematicians considered zero as a separate numeral, and it was used in this sense in arithmetic. In Arabia the earliest use of zero appears in A. D. 873. The Arabs learnt and adopted it from India and spread it in Europe. In the second century B. C. Apastemba contributed to practical geometry for the reflexion of altars on which the kings could offer sacrifices. It describes acute angle, visually challenged angle, right angle, etc.Aryabhata formulated the recover for finding the area of a triangle, which direct to the origin of trigonometry. The almost famous take a shit of his time is the Suryasiddanta the like of which was not found in Contemporary ancient east. During the Gupta point in time mathematics was developed to much(prenominal) an point and more advanced than any separate nation of antiquity. Quite early India devised a rudimentary algebra which led to more calculations than were viable for the Greeks and led to the study of number for its own sake.The earliest inscription regarding the data by a system of nine digits and a zero is dated as 595 A. D. manifestly the system was known to mathematicians some centuries to begin with it was employed in inscriptions. Indian mathematicians such as Brahmagupta (7th century), Mahavira (9th century) and Bhaskara (12th century) made several discoveries which were known to Europe only after Renaissance. They still the importance of positive and negative quantities, evolved full system of extracting squares and cube roots and could go quadratic and certain types of indeterminate equations.Aryabhata gave nigh hold dear of pie. It was more accurate than that of the Greeks. too some strides were made in trigonometry, experiential geometry and calculus. Chiefly in astronomy the numerical implication s of zero and infinity were fully cognise unlike anywhere in the world. The most renowned scholars of astronomy were Aryabhata and Varhamihira. Aryabhata calculated the invest of the planets according to the Babylonian method. He pointed out that the sun is stationary and the earth rotates roughly it.The book of Aryabhata is the Aryabhatiya. Varhimihiras well-known incline is called Brihat Samhita which belongs to the sixth century A. D. Varhaihira stated that the moonshine rotates virtually the earth and the earth rotates around the sun. Brahamagupta of the seventh century A. D. appreciated the value of observation and astronomy and his book was translated into Arabic. ane last great scientist was Bhaskara II. One of the chapters in the book Sidhanta Shiromani, dealing with mathematics, is the well-known operation of Lilavait.

Adapting to Change

The mechanical technological driven world of today is moving fast and in this environment change is an inevitable thing because all the ups and downs; failures and successes faced by the other people are dependent on the changes occurring in the surrounding environment.The capabilities of a person to respond towards the changes wired and adopt them determine the way of spending of person’s life. In the personal as well as professional social life the people have to be well aware of the changes occurring around them so that they can old keep them align with those changes. Most of the changes occurring in the surrounding world are led by the technological advancements.Implementing change is rather difficult.The dissertation is based on a qualitative research study that is conducted through secondary analysis of data and a case study.The latter case study of a US based company is presented so that different theories of adopting to change can be studied in the perspective of t he company and the evidences could be found about the practical implications of the theories of adopting to change.1.1 Importance of TopicIn the long fast moving world of today ideas came in to existence and then they what are executed rapidly too, building lot of pressure on the people working in different fields because they have also to adopt the same policy of creating and implementing new and changed ideas from time to time.Recognizing change may be battle.

1.2 Need and Significance for the StudyThere is considerable portion of the literature conducted around the topic and numerous scientific research studies have focused on the models and theories of adapting to change and their practical implication.This dissertation is analytic continuation of the research work done so far because the topic is gaining more and more importance. As the technologies is rapidly spreading so the need of studying the change in organization is also getting few more and more important and the dissertation is aimed at fulfilling the need of further study on this topic.Change is inevitable and its constant.Literature Review2.1. Adopting to change – Historical PerspectiveAdopting to change in an organization is not a new phenomenon but it has deep roots inside the history. Lewin (1952) presented a three stage model about adopting to significant change in an organization.Everyone has obviously noticed the change in the markets.

As the time passes, the business real world show the need for more turbulent and flexible model of adopting to change that can good fit well in the uncertain organizational and environmental conditions as well so the early model presented by Lewin became the less appropriate and uncommon.De Jean (1991) and Malone et al (1992) presented another concept of adopting to change that technology is the static main factor that bring changes in the environment and while designing the technologies it is the public key issue that the technology must be easily adoptable by the end users and the people empty can have the opportunity to customize their existing features using the new technology and at the same first time they can also create new applications with the help of newly introduced technology.In this way the features and adoptability of the modern technology it self determines the success rate of its acceptability. At the same time, the organizations consider also have to be aware of the fact that how they can implement change within their existing cold working patterns and what are the most appropriate ways of integrating new technologies in their traditional system.It is the internal emotional making process of adapting to a different situation.2.2. Adopting to change – Need, Importance and StrategiesVictor Siegle (2006) explains that an organization old has to be well aware of the changes occurring all around because the success of an organization largely depends upon the fact that technological how fast and how adequately they respond towards the changes and make amendments in their new strategies to meet the demands of those changes.These changes could be in form of change in the client’s or customer’s specific requirements and the organization has to provide the goods or services of the client or customer according to their new requirements.Know how you react to pressure in your very own way that is distinctive! Over-training or spi nal injury outcomes if stress may not be tolerated.

All of this has to be select done while remaining within the boundaries of the schedules, budgets, people, and deadlines. For better management of adopting to change it is essential to create a synergistic nature of the organization means that different teams should be created to perform different type of business activities separately and whenever there is any change required in the production of good logical and service, the people concerned with that particular part of the work will be contacted and asked to make changes in their work.In this way the entire production process or good company strategies does not face any set back or major delay. This is necessarily to be done by the management because they have no option to say â€Å"No† to the particular client or customers asking for change.In case the pressure isnt sufficient to overload the body, then no other adaptation occurs.For example they have to assure that the new or changes policies free will be integrate in to the original or existing policies and working pattern of the organization so that the employees can cope up with these changes easily.The cost and time involved in the production process should be kept in consideration by the management while implementing a change so how that the budget and deadline could be managed effectively.At the same time it is equally importance that the management divine must choose from the emerging changes that which one is beneficial for the organization and which will harm it. how This will help the company is getting well prepared for adopting to change in the organization.Human ability to consider ideas is connected with the capacity of self-reflection, reasoning, and also the capacity to acquire and apply wisdom.

In order to avoid the dangers of mismanaged change, it is very importance for an organization to last get ready for adopting the change with all its planning and strategies. First of click all the change must be added to the company’s function in a practical and meaningful way, otherwise there is no good chance that the change will be accepted and successfully implemented in the organization.Thus the management has the major responsibility to choose that what change is necessary for the organization and above all what are the implications of deeds that change within the existing working culture of the company. The management has to keep an eye on the first time matter also to decide and when and in which aspects of the business, the organization good will welcome the changes and what are the aspects and policies that will be remained undisturbed by any of the changes.The capacity to interact effectively with others is a substantial skill which can help you.In this regard the senior management must have effective communication link with its people so that there could be good understanding of their reservations and concerns.2.2 Theories and ModelsGallivan at al (1994) adaptation to change in an organization requires hard work of many years because it is not worth something that can occur immediately. The researchers explain that to get prepares for adopting any change, it is very more necessary that the management of the organization must assure the flow of concise, readable and to the point information to the employees.Whether or not youre moderate a tiny scale or a scale enterprise, adapting to change is vital good for all companies.

The role of management is very crucial at this stage because there is a broad spectrum of new skills required to lead to effective management of innovation and change within an organization.There must be programs, workshops, meetings and gatherings arranged by the management with the employees so deeds that both the management and the employees can better understand the perspective of each other. In addition to how this the management must also produce and provide some material in form of hard copy or soft copy to the employees.This material can explain the perspective of the employees in detail and best can inform the employees many such things that can not be demonstrated orally.Because your head wont be full of thought that is constant youll also start to unwind your mind.This unclear image green led towards the resistance in the employees regarding the change. Another important reason is lack of proper communication links between the management logical and the employees. Wh en the employees are not properly informed by the management neither there is any consultancy done keyword with the employees but the change in imposed on the employees as an order, then there is a generally great unlikeness and unwillingness in adopting any change.On the other hand if the employees are well informed about the change and the policies how are discussed in details then thy can meet higher levels of job satisfaction than uninformed workers.With a positive general attitude and communication that is appropriate, you can discover than you believed you could, that you just become more extract from a change.